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A person with asthma has a condition in which their airways become constricted and swollen, and they may also generate an increased amount of mucus. This can make it difficult to breathe and may cause coughing, a whistling sound (wheezing), and shortness of breath when you exhale.

Who can develop asthma?

Asthma can strike anyone at any age. Asthma is more prone to occur in those who have allergies or are exposed to cigarette smoke. This includes being exposed to second-hand smoke, which occurs while another person is smoking, as well as thirdhand smoke (exposure to clothing or surfaces in places where some has smoked).

What causes Asthma?

The exact cause of asthma is unknown, but it is believed to be a combination of genetic and environmental factors. Some of the known risk factors include:

• Family history of asthma or allergies


• Exposure to air pollution or tobacco smoke


• Respiratory infections during childhood


• Allergic sensitization to substances such as pollen, dust mites, pet dander, and mould


• Obesity


• Stress and anxiety


• Occupational exposure to irritants such as chemicals or fumes


• Poor air quality


• Lack of physical activity


• Certain medications, such as aspirin and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs).

Knowing the warning signs & symptoms of an Asthma Attack

People who have asthma typically exhibit clear symptoms. Many respiratory illnesses have symptoms and indications similar to these ones:

• Pressure, pain, or tightness in the chest.


• Coughing (particularly at night)


• Respiration difficulty.

Diagnostic tests for Asthma

Diagnosing asthma can be challenging because its symptoms can be similar to those of other respiratory conditions. However, there are several diagnostic tests and evaluations that a doctor may use to diagnose asthma, including:

• Physical examination: The doctor will listen to your chest and ask about your symptoms and medical history.


• Lung function tests: Spirometry is the most common lung function test used to diagnose asthma. It measures how much air you can exhale and how quickly you can exhale.


• Methacholine challenge test: In this test, the doctor will have you inhale a substance called methacholine, which can trigger bronchoconstriction in people with asthma.


• Allergy testing: Allergy testing can help identify any allergens that may be triggering your asthma symptoms.


• Chest X-rays and CT scans: These imaging tests can rule out other conditions that may be causing your symptoms, such as pneumonia or bronchitis.


• Peak flow measurement: A peak flow meter measures the maximum flow of air you can exhale. A decrease in peak flow can indicate an asthma attack.


• Nitric oxide testing: This test measures the levels of nitric oxide in your breath, which can be elevated in people with asthma.


• Blood tests: Blood tests can help detect any underlying conditions that may be contributing to your asthma symptoms, such as anaemia or elevated levels of eosinophils (a type of white blood cell).

Exploring the treatment options of Asthma

The treatment of asthma is tailored to each individual and may include a combination of the following:

Medications: There are several types of medications used to treat asthma, including bronchodilators (which open up the airways), corticosteroids (which reduce inflammation), and leukotriene modifiers (which prevent the production of substances that can trigger an asthma attack).

Allergen avoidance: Identifying and avoiding triggers can help prevent asthma symptoms.

Immunotherapy (allergy shots): This type of treatment can help reduce the severity of asthma symptoms by gradually exposing you to small amounts of allergens.

Oxygen therapy: This treatment is used for people with severe asthma who have low levels of oxygen in their blood.

Surgery: In some cases, surgery may be needed to correct structural problems in the airways.

Action plan for asthma: Together with you, your healthcare professional will create an action plan for asthma. You can utilise your medications according to the plan provided below. Additionally, it advises you when to seek emergency medical attention based on your asthma symptoms.

Conclusion

Altor Hospital has a comprehensive asthma treatment plan typically involves a team of healthcare professionals, including pulmonologists, allergists, and nurses, who work together to help patients manage their asthma symptoms and achieve good asthma control. This may include medications, lifestyle changes, and a written asthma action plan to help patients respond quickly and effectively in case of an asthma attack. The goal of treatment is to prevent asthma symptoms, reduce the frequency and severity of attacks, and improve overall quality of life for people with asthma.

Because of the disease's effect on the bones' fragility, people who have it are more likely to experience abrupt and unexpected bone fractures. If you have osteoporosis, your bones are weaker and have less mass. The condition frequently progresses without any warning signs or discomfort, and it is typically not recognised until the weakening bones result in excruciating fractures. The majority of these involve hip, wrist, and spine fractures.

What causes Osteoporosis?

• Age: As people get older, they naturally lose bone density. Women are at particularly high risk after menopause.


• Gender: Women are at higher risk of osteoporosis than men due to hormonal changes and differences in bone structure.


• Family history: A family history of osteoporosis increases the risk of developing the condition.


• Hormonal factors: Low levels of oestrogen, testosterone, and other hormones can affect bone density.


• Lifestyle factors: A diet low in calcium and vitamin D, lack of physical activity, smoking, and excessive alcohol consumption can increase the risk of osteoporosis.


• Chronic conditions: Certain medical conditions, such as rheumatoid arthritis, hyperthyroidism, and Crohn's disease, can increase the risk of osteoporosis.


• Medications: Some medications, such as glucocorticoids and anticonvulsants, can cause bone loss and increase the risk of osteoporosis.

What are the symptoms of Osteoporosis?

Osteoporosis often has no symptoms in its early stages. As the condition progresses, some common symptoms may include:

• Fractures (broken bones) that occur more easily than expected, such as after a minor fall


• Back pain, caused by a fractured or collapsed vertebra


• Height loss, as a result of compression fractures in the spine


• A stooped posture or curvature of the spine


• Increased bone pain


• Joint and muscle aches


• Loss of muscle mass and strength

How Osteoporosis is diagnosed?

• Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA): This is the most commonly used test to measure bone density and diagnose osteoporosis. It is a painless, non-invasive test that uses X-rays to measure the density of bones in the spine, hip, and wrist.


• Ultrasound: This test uses high-frequency sound waves to measure the density of bones in the heel or wrist.


• Quantitative computed tomography (QCT): This is a type of X-ray that provides detailed images of bones, including the spine and hip.


• Peripheral quantitative computed tomography (PQCT): This is a type of X-ray that measures bone density in the forearm, shin, or other peripheral bones.


• Bone turnover markers: This is a blood test that measures the levels of certain proteins and other markers that indicate the rate at which bone is being broken down and rebuilt.

Treatment Options for Osteoporosis

The goal of treatment for osteoporosis is to slow down or stop bone loss and reduce the risk of fractures. Treatment options include:

• Medications: There are several medications that have been shown to increase bone density and reduce the risk of fractures in people with osteoporosis. These include bisphosphonates, denosumab, teriparatide, and raloxifene.


• Lifestyle changes: Adopting a healthy lifestyle can help maintain and improve bone health. This includes regular exercise, a balanced diet rich in calcium and vitamin D, and avoiding smoking and excessive alcohol consumption.


• Hormone therapy: Hormone therapy may be recommended for women who are experiencing menopause-related bone loss. This involves taking estrogen or other hormones to help slow down bone loss.


• Vitamin and mineral supplements: Calcium and vitamin D supplements can help prevent or treat osteoporosis, but it is best to speak with a doctor before starting any supplement regimen.


• Weight-bearing exercise: Weight-bearing exercises, such as walking, hiking, dancing, and weightlifting, can help improve bone density and reduce the risk of fractures.

"The Benefits of Vitamin D and Calcium for Strong Bones"

Vitamin D and calcium are essential nutrients for strong bones. Here are some of the key benefits of these nutrients for bone health:

• Calcium: Calcium is the main building block of bones and is necessary for maintaining strong, healthy bones. A diet that is adequate in calcium is essential for building and maintaining strong bones, especially during childhood and adolescence.


• Vitamin D: Vitamin D helps the body absorb calcium and is necessary for maintaining healthy bones. It also helps regulate the balance of calcium in the body, which is important for preventing bone loss.


• Combined benefits: Vitamin D and calcium work together to promote bone health. Adequate amounts of both nutrients are essential for maintaining strong, healthy bones and reducing the risk of osteoporosis and fractures.

It is important to get enough vitamin D and calcium through a balanced diet, exposure to sunlight, and if necessary, supplements. However, it is always best to consult with a healthcare provider before starting any new supplement regimen.

Conclusion

At Altor Hospital, our team of highly trained medical professionals is committed to assisting patients in managing their osteoporosis through the creation of individualised treatment regimens that are supported by evidence. If you are concerned about osteoporosis or any other health condition, we encourage you to maintain the strength and health of your bones throughout your lifetime by preventing and treating conditions that are preventable and treatable with the appropriate combination of changes to one's lifestyle, medication, and medical intervention.

A blockage that causes blood flow to your heart to suddenly slow or stop can result in acute coronary syndrome (ACS), a potentially fatal illness. Heart attacks or unstable angina can occur in people with ACS (myocardial infarction). Chest pain or pressure (angina), dyspnoea, or light-headedness are typical symptoms.

What occurs in acute coronary syndrome?

Your heart is a muscle that requires an ongoing supply of blood that is rich in oxygen to function effectively. This blood is supplied by the smaller channels of the coronary arteries.

Sometimes, a slow build-up of cholesterol and fat (plaque) causes your arteries to stiffen and constrict (atherosclerosis). This plaque can rupture or break open quickly, resulting in acute coronary syndrome.

A blood clot forms over the entrance, narrowing or obstructing blood flow to the myocardium, a section of your heart. Oxygen supply to the heart is inadequate. Ischemia, or the lack of oxygen, destroys the heart muscle and causes unstable angina or heart attacks.

What are the symptoms of Acute coronary Syndrome?

• Burning


• Numbness


• Tightness


• Aching


• Heaviness


• Pressure

What are the diagnostic tests for Acute Coronary Syndrome?

• ECG: Measures the electrical activity of the heart to look for any anomalies that might point to acute coronary syndrome.


• Blood tests: Examinations for biomarkers that are released into the circulation when the heart muscle is damaged, such as troponin and CK-MB.


• Cardiac Catheterization: A diagnostic procedure that involves inserting a catheter into the coronary arteries to examine blood flow and obstructions.


• Coronary Angiography is an X-ray imaging procedure that shows the coronary arteries and any obstructions by using a contrast dye.


• Stress tests: Physical or imaging examinations that mimic activity to assess the heart's blood flow and find any obstructions.


• Computed Tomography Angiography (CTA): A non-invasive imaging test that produces precise pictures of the coronary arteries using X-rays and computer processing.


• Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI): An imaging technique that produces images of the heart and blood arteries using a high magnetic field and radio waves.


• Positron Emission Tomography (PET) is a nuclear imaging test that creates images of blood flow to the heart muscle using a small amount of radioactive material and a specialised camera.

Treatment options for Acute Coronary Syndrome

• Medical Management: Includes the use of medications such as aspirin, anticoagulants, beta-blockers, ACE inhibitors, and statins to manage symptoms, prevent blood clots, and reduce the risk of recurrent events.


• Interventional Procedures: Angioplasty and coronary artery bypass surgery are used to treat Acute Coronary Syndrome by restoring blood flow to the heart muscle.


• Lifestyle Changes: Incorporating regular exercise, healthy eating, stress management, and quitting smoking can help reduce the risk of Acute Coronary Syndrome and improve overall health.


• Cardiac Rehabilitation: A comprehensive program designed to help patients recover from Acute Coronary Syndrome and improve their heart health through exercise, education, and support.


• Device Therapy: Implantable devices such as cardiac defibrillators and pacemakers can be used to treat heart rhythm problems associated with Acute Coronary Syndrome. 

Conclusion

At Altor Hospital, our team of expert cardiologists and healthcare professionals is dedicated to providing the highest quality care for patients with Acute Coronary Syndrome. With a focus on evidence-based medicine and patient-centred care, we offer a comprehensive range of diagnostic and treatment options, including medical management, interventional procedures, lifestyle changes, cardiac rehabilitation, and device therapy.

Our goal is to help our patients recover from Acute Coronary Syndrome, improve their heart health, and reduce their risk of recurrent events. We believe that through education, awareness, and ongoing care, we can make a positive impact on the health of our community and help our patients live their best lives.

When a mosquito bites you, it transmits the deadly parasitic disease known as malaria. The mosquito injects malaria parasites into your bloodstream when it bites you. Not a virus or a particular sort of bacteria, rather parasites are what actually cause malaria.

Malaria can result in serious health issues such convulsions, brain damage, breathing difficulties, organ failure, and even death if it is not treated.

What are the symptoms present in malaria?

• Sweating and a fever


• Your entire body shakes with the chills.


• Muscle pains and headaches.




• Cough, difficulty breathing, and chest pain.


• Vomiting, nausea, and diarrhoea.


• Anaemia and jaundice can develop as malaria worsens (yellowing of the skin and whites of the eyes).

When do the signs and symptoms of malaria start to appear?

When a person contracts malaria, symptoms often start to show 10–30 days after infection. The severity of the symptoms can vary depending on the parasite species. Some people experience no symptoms for up to a year following a mosquito bite. Sometimes parasites can remain dormant in the body for years without showing any signs.

Depending on the parasite, several kinds of malaria can recur. The parasites are dormant in your liver for years before being discharged into your bloodstream. When the parasites start moving around, the symptoms start up again.

How Malaria is Diagnosed?

Microscopy Test: This is the most often used diagnostic test for malaria. A drop of blood from a blood sample is deposited on a slide, and the slide is viewed under a microscope to check for the parasite's existence.

Rapid Diagnostic Test (RDT): This straightforward point-of-care examination can be carried out in a medical environment. A test strip with particular antibodies created to identify the presence of the Plasmodium parasite is used to apply a blood sample to.

Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR): This laboratory test identifies the parasite's presence by using DNA amplification technology. The Plasmodium parasite's DNA is amplified using a blood sample, making it possible to find even trace levels of the parasite in the sample.

Treatment for Malaria

Antimalarial drugs: These drugs are used to kill the Plasmodium parasite and include artemisinin-based combination therapies (ACTs), quinine, and mefloquine.

Supportive care: This may include measures to manage symptoms such as fever, headaches, and muscle pain, as well as measures to prevent and treat complications such as anaemia, low blood sugar, and low blood pressure.

Prevention measures: It is important to take measures to prevent the transmission of malaria, such as using bed nets, taking preventive medications, and avoiding mosquito bites.

Malaria and Pregnancy: Risks and Precautions

Malaria infection during pregnancy can pose significant risks to both the mother and the unborn child. Some of the potential risks associated with malaria during pregnancy include:

• Low birth weight


• Premature delivery


• Miscarriage


• Anaemia

To reduce the risk of malaria during pregnancy, it is important to take the following precautions:

• Prevent mosquito bites: Use bed nets, wear protective clothing, and use mosquito repellents to reduce the risk of mosquito bites.


• Take preventive medications: If you are traveling to an area with a high risk of malaria, your healthcare provider may recommend taking preventive medications to reduce the risk of infection.


• Seek prompt medical attention: If you suspect that you have been infected with malaria, seek prompt medical attention to receive early treatment and reduce the risk of serious complications.

Conclusion

At Altor Hospitals, we are committed to providing the highest standard of care for our patients and to raising awareness about the importance of preventing and treating malaria. Whether you are seeking treatment for a current infection or seeking preventive measures to reduce your risk of infection, our experienced and knowledgeable healthcare professionals are here to help. By working together, we can help to reduce the impact of malaria and improve the health and well-being of individuals.

Endocarditis infects the heart's endocardium. Bacteria or other microbes enter the bloodstream and attach to injured or aberrant heart tissue, such as heart valve prosthesis, congenital heart abnormalities, or heart surgical sites. This can induce heart inflammation, heart valve damage, heart failure, and stroke. Endocarditis is a dangerous condition that requires immediate medical care to prevent heart damage and problems.

What causes Endocarditis?

Endocarditis is caused by bacteria or other microorganisms entering the bloodstream and attaching to the inner lining of the heart, known as the endocardium. This can occur in several ways, including:

• Bacterial infection: Endocarditis is often caused by bacteria such as Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus viridians, and Haemophilus influenzae.


• Fungal infection: Endocarditis can also be caused by fungal infections, especially in individuals with weakened immune systems.


• IV drug use: Intravenous drug use increases the risk of endocarditis as the injected bacteria can enter the bloodstream and infect the heart.


• Medical procedures: Certain medical procedures such as dental procedures, urinary catheterization, or endoscopy, can also increase the risk of endocarditis.


• Heart abnormalities: Individuals with congenital heart defects, heart valve diseases, or previous heart surgery are at higher risk for endocarditis.

What are the symptoms of Endocarditis?

• Fever


• Fatigue


• Chest pain


• Shortness of breath


• Rapid or irregular heartbeat


• Joint or muscle pain


• Skin lesions


• Bruising

Risk Factors for Endocarditis: Who is Most Susceptible?

The following groups of people are considered to be at higher risk for endocarditis

1. Individuals with heart valve disease: Individuals with artificial heart valves, damaged or diseased heart valves, or a history of endocarditis are at higher risk for developing endocarditis.


2. Individuals with congenital heart disease: Individuals with congenital heart disease, such as a heart murmur, are at higher risk for endocarditis.


3. Individuals with a history of heart surgery: Individuals who have had heart surgery, such as a valve replacement or bypass surgery, are also at higher risk.


4. Individuals with weakened immune systems: Individuals with weakened immune systems, such as those with HIV/AIDS, cancer, or autoimmune diseases, are at higher risk for endocarditis.


5. Individuals who use intravenous drugs: Intravenous drug use can increase the risk of endocarditis by allowing bacteria to enter the bloodstream and infect the heart.


6. Individuals with certain medical conditions: Individuals with certain medical conditions, such as diabetes, kidney disease, or liver disease, are also at higher risk for endocarditis.

"Diagnosing Endocarditis: A Guide for Patients"

1. Blood tests: Blood tests can help determine the presence of an infection, the type of microorganisms causing the infection, and any damage to the heart.


2. Echocardiogram: An echocardiogram is a test that uses sound waves to create a moving image of the heart and can help diagnose endocarditis by showing any damage to the heart or heart valves.


3. CT scan: A CT scan can help provide a more detailed image of the heart and surrounding tissues.


4. MRI: An MRI can also provide a detailed image of the heart and surrounding tissues.


5. Cardiac catheterization: In some cases, a cardiac catheterization may be necessary to obtain a sample of blood or tissue from the heart for further testing.

Treatment for Endocarditis

The treatment of endocarditis typically involves antibiotics to eliminate the underlying infection and prevent further damage to the heart. The specific treatment plan for endocarditis may include one or more of the following:

1. Antibiotics: Antibiotics are used to treat the underlying infection. The type and duration of antibiotics used will depend on the type of microorganism causing the endocarditis.


2. Surgery: In severe cases of endocarditis, surgery may be necessary to repair or replace damaged heart valves.


3. Supportive care: Supportive care may also be necessary to manage symptoms, such as fever, fatigue, or joint pain.


4. Cardiac procedures: In some cases, additional procedures, such as removal of infected tissue or placement of a pacemaker, may be necessary.

Conclusion

At Altor Hospitals, our team of expert cardiologists and infectious disease specialists is equipped to diagnose and treat endocarditis with the latest medical advancements and technologies. From identifying risk factors and performing diagnostic tests, to developing a customized treatment plan and providing ongoing care, we are committed to helping our patients overcome this condition and improve their heart health. With our comprehensive approach to endocarditis care, patients can trust that they are receiving the best possible treatment and support.

A condition characterised by narrowing of the airways and discomfort or trouble breathing. Emphysema (a condition that affects the lungs' tiny air sacs, or alveoli) and chronic bronchitis (over time, the bronchi (large air passageways that go to the lungs) become inflamed and scarred.) can potentially lead to COPD. A COPD diagnosis indicates that you may have signs of both of these lung-damaging conditions or just one of them. As COPD worsens over time, breathing becomes more difficult.

What distinguishes asthma from COPD?

Asthma and Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) are both chronic respiratory conditions that affect breathing, but they have distinct causes and symptoms.

Asthma is caused by inflamed and narrowed airways and is characterized by acute symptoms, such as sudden episodes of wheezing and chest tightness, which can be effectively managed with inhaled medications.

COPD causes chronic coughing and breathing problems due to airway and lung damage from smoking or air pollution. COPD progresses and requires drugs, oxygen therapy, and lifestyle adjustments. To properly identify and treat respiratory disorders, seek medical attention.

Understanding the Stages of COPD: How to Recognize and Respond to Changes

Understanding the stages of COPD can help patients and their families recognize changes in symptoms and respond accordingly. The stages of COPD are classified according to the severity of airflow obstruction. The stages are:

Stage 1 (Mild): Mild COPD with a moderate reduction in lung function. Symptoms may include occasional coughing and wheezing.

Stage 2 (Moderate): Moderate COPD with a more significant reduction in lung function. Symptoms may include increased coughing and wheezing, shortness of breath, and increased difficulty with physical activity.

Stage 3 (Severe): Severe COPD with a marked reduction in lung function. Symptoms may include frequent breathing difficulties, increased shortness of breath, and reduced ability to perform daily activities.

Stage 4 (Very Severe): Very severe COPD with a very significant reduction in lung function. Symptoms may include constant shortness of breath, frequent hospitalizations, and significant limitations in daily activities.

What causes COPD?

• 90% of COPD cases are related to cigarette smoking.


• Alpha-1 antitrypsin (AAT) deficiency, a genetic condition


• Second-hand smoke


• Air pollution.


• Dust and odours during work.

Diagnostic test for COPD

• Pulse oximetry: This examination determines the level of oxygen in your blood.


• ABGs (Arterial Blood Gases): These examinations measure the levels of carbon dioxide and oxygen in your blood.


• Electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG): This test evaluates heart health and eliminates heart disease as a potential cause of breathlessness.


• Chest X-ray or chest CT scan: Imaging studies search for lung abnormalities that COPD produces.


• Exercise testing: Your doctor does this to see if your blood's oxygen level falls as you exercise.


• Spirometry: This is a simple breathing test that measures the amount of air a person can exhale and how quickly they can do it. It can help determine the extent of airflow obstruction in the lungs and is considered the gold standard for diagnosing COPD.


• Medical history: Your healthcare provider will enquire about things like:

1. Are you a smoker?


2. Have you experienced prolonged exposure to air pollution or dust?


3. Do additional family members have COPD?


4. Do you experience breathlessness while you exercise? while sleeping?


5. Have you had a persistent cough or wheeze?


6. Coughing up phlegm?

Treatment for COPD

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) treatment can aid with symptom management, enhance quality of life, and delay the onset of the condition. The following are some typical COPD treatments:

• Medication: The most widely used drugs to treat COPD are bronchodilators, which loosen and open the airways, and corticosteroids, which lessen airway inflammation. Lung infections may also be treated with other drugs, such antibiotics.


• Oxygen therapy: This procedure uses oxygen to promote better breathing and raise blood oxygen levels. For those with severe COPD and low oxygen levels, oxygen therapy may be advised.


• Pulmonary rehabilitation is a programme that combines exercise, education, and breathing techniques to assist patients improve their breathing and physical function. Hospitalization risk can be decreased with the aid of pulmonary rehabilitation.


• Surgery: To remove unhealthy lung tissue or to improve airflow, surgery may occasionally be advised. Surgery is generally only advised, though, for those with severe COPD who have not responded to other forms of treatment.


• Changes in lifestyle: Giving up smoking, limiting exposure to air pollutants, and getting regular exercise can all help control COPD and enhance general health. Additionally useful in managing symptoms and preserving general health are a balanced diet and adequate hydration.

Conclusion

At Altor Hospital, we are dedicated to providing high-quality care and support to individuals with COPD. Our team of experienced healthcare professionals is equipped to diagnose and treat COPD using the latest evidence-based treatments and technologies. Whether you are seeking a diagnostic evaluation or ongoing management of your condition, we are here to help. We encourage anyone who is experiencing symptoms of COPD to seek medical evaluation and treatment as soon as possible. Together, we can work towards a healthier, more active future.

Alzheimer's is a progressive brain disorder that affects memory, thinking, and behaviour. It is the most common cause of dementia, a general term for memory loss and other intellectual abilities serious enough to interfere with daily life. Alzheimer's disease usually starts slowly and gets worse over time, ultimately leading to death.

What Are the Symptoms of Alzheimer's?

The symptoms of Alzheimer's disease typically develop gradually and worsen over time. The most common symptoms include:

• Memory loss, especially forgetting recently learned information


• Difficulty with familiar tasks, such as dressing or cooking


• Problems with language, such as forgetting simple words or using the wrong words


• Disorientation, such as getting lost in familiar places


• Decreased or poor judgment


• Problems with abstract thinking


• Misplacing things and losing the ability to retrace steps


• Changes in mood and behaviour, such as depression, anxiety, or paranoia


• Changes in personality, such as becoming passive or withdrawn


• Loss of motivation and interest in hobbies and activities

What causes Alzheimer’s?

The exact cause of Alzheimer's disease is not yet fully understood, but there are several risk factors and theories that have been proposed. Some of the most commonly cited causes of Alzheimer's include:

• Age: Alzheimer's is more common in people over 65 years of age.


• Genetics: Some genetic mutations can increase the risk of developing Alzheimer's.


• Lifestyle factors: Poor diet, lack of physical activity, and smoking may increase the risk of Alzheimer's.


• Head injury: Traumatic brain injury can increase the risk of developing Alzheimer's later in life.


• Environmental factors: Exposure to toxins such as lead and mercury may increase the risk of Alzheimer's.


• Brain changes: Abnormal deposits of beta-amyloid and tau protein in the brain are associated with Alzheimer's.

Diagnostic procedures in Alzheimer’s

1. Medical and neurological examination: A doctor will perform a thorough physical and neurological examination to rule out other conditions that may cause memory loss.


2. Cognitive and memory testing: Standardized tests may be used to assess the patient's memory, thinking, and reasoning skills.


3. Brain imaging: Brain scans, such as a CT scan or MRI, may be used to look for any physical changes in the brain that are associated with Alzheimer's.


4. Lab tests: Blood tests may be used to rule out other conditions that can cause memory loss, such as vitamin deficiencies or hormonal imbalances.


5. Neurological assessments: A neurologist may perform additional tests to assess the patient's ability to move, balance, and coordinate.


6. Neuropsychological evaluations: These tests may include memory tests, language tests, and assessments of mood and behaviour.

Treatment options for Alzheimer’s

• Cholinesterase inhibitors: medications that help improve memory, thinking, and daily functioning.


• Memantine: a medication that helps regulate the activity of glutamate, a neurotransmitter in the brain.


• Lifestyle changes: such as exercise, maintaining a healthy diet, and staying mentally and socially active.


• Psychotherapy: for managing behavioural and psychological symptoms such as depression, anxiety, and agitation.


• Caregiver support: to provide support for the person with Alzheimer's and their caregivers.

Simple Ways to Assist People with Alzheimer’s

1. Create a familiar and comfortable environment: Surround the person with familiar objects and try to maintain a consistent daily routine.


2. Use simple language: Avoid complex sentences and instead use short, simple words and phrases.


3. Be patient: People with Alzheimer's may need more time to process information and may repeat themselves.


4. Offer physical assistance: Offer support with everyday tasks such as bathing, dressing, and eating.


5. Encourage activities: Engage the person in activities they enjoy, such as listening to music or going for walks.


6. Provide emotional support: Offer comfort, listen, and show empathy towards the person's feelings and experiences.


7. Manage challenging behaviours: Try to understand the behaviour behind challenging behaviours and respond with patience and empathy.

Natural Treatments for Alzheimer's to Enhance Memory

1. Exercise: Regular physical activity can help improve memory and thinking skills.


2. Diet: Eating a diet rich in fruits, vegetables, and whole grains, and low in sugar and saturated fat, may help slow down cognitive decline.


3. Mental stimulation: Engaging in activities that challenge the brain, such as reading, playing games, or learning a new skill, may help improve memory and thinking skills.


4. Relaxation techniques: Relaxation techniques, such as meditation and deep breathing, may help reduce stress and improve cognitive function.

Nutritious Foods That May Help Improve Memory Function In Those With Alzheimer’s

There is no specific diet that has been proven to cure Alzheimer's disease, but a healthy diet that is rich in nutrients can help improve overall brain health and possibly improve memory function. Here are some nutritious foods that may help:

1. Fish: Fish such as salmon, sardines, and tuna are rich in omega-3 fatty acids, which are essential for brain health.


2. Berries: Berries, such as blueberries and strawberries, contain antioxidants that may protect the brain from damage.


3. Nuts and seeds: Nuts and seeds, such as almonds and chia seeds, are rich in healthy fats, fibre, and antioxidants.


4. Leafy greens: Leafy greens, such as spinach and kale, contain vitamins and minerals that are essential for brain health.


5. Whole grains: Whole grains, such as whole-grain bread and brown rice, are high in fibre and can help improve overall brain health.


6. Turmeric: This spice contains curcumin, an antioxidant that may have anti-inflammatory effects on the brain.


7. Dark chocolate: Dark chocolate is high in antioxidants and flavonoids, which may protect the brain from damage.

Conclusion

Altor Hospitals approach to the treatment of Alzheimer's disease by offering a range of medical and non-medical interventions. The goal of treatment is to manage symptoms, improve quality of life, and slow down the progression of the disease.

Medical treatments may include medications to manage specific symptoms, such as depression or sleep disturbances.

Non-medical treatments may include lifestyle changes, such as exercise and a healthy diet, and psychological and social support, such as therapy and support groups.

Cancer is a group of diseases characterized by uncontrolled growth and spread of abnormal cells. These cells can form tumours or invade other parts of the body, leading to damage and functional impairment. Cancer can develop in nearly any organ or tissue in the body and can be caused by a variety of factors including genetics, lifestyle, and environmental exposures.

What distinguishes Healthy cells from Malignant or Cancer cells?

Cells typically carry out instructions given to them by genes. Cells must abide by regulations that genes lay forth for them, such as when to begin and stop developing. Normal cells adhere to certain rules, whereas cancer cells do not:

• Normal cells undergo controlled division and multiplication. Unchecked cell division occurs in cancer.


• Normal cells have a death-programme (apoptosis). Cancer cells disregard those instructions.


• Typical cells for solid organs remain in place. All malignant cells have the ability to migrate.


• Cancerous cells multiply more quickly than normal cells do.

How does cancer begin in the body?

Cancer starts when cells in a part of the body begin to grow abnormally and out of control. Normally, cells divide and grow in an orderly way, and old or damaged cells die and are replaced with new ones. But sometimes cells keep dividing and forming clumps of cells called tumours.

The exact cause of cells becoming cancerous is not fully understood, but it is believed to be the result of a combination of genetic and environmental factors. Some genetic mutations can be inherited, while others occur spontaneously. Exposure to certain substances, such as tobacco smoke, chemicals, and radiation, can also increase the risk of developing cancer.

In some cases, the cancerous cells remain localized, forming a benign (non-cancerous) tumour. But in other cases, the cells can invade nearby tissues, spread to other parts of the body through the bloodstream or lymphatic system, and form malignant (cancerous) tumours that can damage or destroy healthy cells and organs.

Types of cancer

1. Carcinomas: Cancers that start in cells that make up the skin or the tissues that line or cover internal organs, such as lung, breast, prostate, and colon cancer.


2. Sarcomas: Cancers that start in cells that make up the body's connective tissues, such as bone, cartilage, and muscle.


3. Leukaemia’s: Cancers that start in blood-forming tissues, such as bone marrow and lymphatic tissue, and cause large numbers of abnormal white blood cells to be produced.


4. Lymphomas: Cancers that start in cells of the immune system, such as lymphocytes, and cause tumours in the lymphatic system.


5. Central nervous system cancers: Cancers that start in the brain and spinal cord.

Early Warning Signs of Cancer Everyone Should Know

Early warning signs of cancer can be subtle and can vary depending on the type of cancer. However, some common early warning signs of cancer include:

1. Fatigue: feeling tired or weak even after adequate rest


2. Unexplained weight loss: losing weight without trying or without a change in diet


3. Pain: experiencing pain that does not go away or gets worse over time


4. Skin changes: changes in the appearance of skin, such as yellowing or darkening


5. Changes in bowel or bladder habits: changes in the frequency, consistency, or colour of bowel movements or urine


6. Persistent coughing or hoarseness: coughing or hoarseness that does not go away or gets worse over time


7. Difficulty swallowing: feeling like food is stuck in the throat or chest


8. Unusual bleeding or discharge: bleeding or discharge from any part of the body that is not normal for that person


9. Persistent abdominal discomfort or bloating: discomfort or bloating that does not go away or gets worse over time


10. Unusual lumps or swelling: feeling lumps or swelling in the body that were not present before

Diagnosis of cancer

A variety of medical examinations and procedures are commonly used to determine a cancer diagnosis, including:

1. Physical examination: A medical professional will do a physical examination to look for any physical indications of cancer, such as lumps, swelling, or changes in skin tone.


2. Blood tests: Blood tests can assist identify any abnormal amounts of particular compounds in the blood that could be an indication of cancer.


3. Imaging procedures: Imaging procedures, such as X-rays, CT scans, MRI scans, and PET scans, can assist in creating images of the interior of the body to determine the presence and location of a tumour.


4. Biopsy: During a biopsy, a tissue sample is taken from the area thought to be malignant and sent to a lab for examination. Only a biopsy can provide a firm diagnosis of cancer.


5. Endoscope: An endoscopy is a process used to inspect the interior of the body, such as the colon or throat, using a thin, flexible tube with a light and camera on the end.


6. Cancer staging: After a cancer diagnosis, the cancer's stage will be identified. Staging entails assessing the cancer's growth and figuring out whether it has spread to other bodily areas.

What are the treatment options for Cancer

Depending on your situation, healthcare professionals may combine various different treatments. Typical cancer therapies include:

1. Chemotherapy is one of the most often used cancer treatments. It kills cancer cells using potent medicines. You could have chemotherapy intravenously or as pills (through a needle into a vein). In some circumstances, medical professionals might be able to target chemotherapy at the precise damaged location.


2. Radiation therapy: This therapy uses high doses of radiation to kill cancer cells. Radiation treatment and chemotherapy may be combined by your healthcare professional.


3. Surgical removal of cancerous tumours that haven't spread is possible. Your healthcare professional might suggest therapy. In order to reduce a tumour before surgery or to eradicate any cancer cells that could still be present after surgery, this treatment combines surgery with chemotherapy or radiation.


4. Hormone therapy: In some cases, doctors will administer hormones to stop the action of other hormones that cause cancer. For instance, males and people born into the male gender who have prostate cancer may be given medications to keep their testosterone levels lower than normal. Testosterone is a factor in prostate cancer.


5. Biological response modifier therapy: This medication boosts the efficiency of your immune system by stimulating it. It alters your body's normal systems to do this.


6. Immunotherapy is a type of cancer treatment that calls on your immune system to battle the ailment. The procedure could be referred to as biological therapy.


7. Cancer targeted therapy: A cancer treatment known as targeted therapy specifically targets the genetic alterations or mutations that cause healthy cells to develop into cancer cells.


8. Bone marrow transplant: Also referred to as stem cell transplantation, this procedure swaps out unhealthy stem cells for damaged ones. Utilizing your own healthy stem cells, autologous transplantation is performed. When doing an allogeneic transplant, stem cells from another individual are used.

 Nutrition Strategies for People with Cancer

Adequate nutrition is important for people with cancer, as it can help support overall health and recovery during treatment. Here are some nutrition strategies that may be helpful for people with cancer:

1. Maintaining a balanced diet: Eating a balanced diet that includes a variety of nutrient-dense foods, such as fruits, vegetables, whole grains, lean protein, and healthy fats, can help support overall health and well-being.


2. Increasing calorie and protein intake: People with cancer may require more calories and protein to maintain or gain weight, especially during treatment. It is important to work with a dietitian to determine the right number of calories and protein for you.


3. Staying hydrated: Staying well-hydrated can help maintain energy levels and prevent dehydration, which is common during cancer treatment.


4. Limiting processed and high-fat foods: Processed and high-fat foods can be high in calories and low in nutrients. Limiting these foods can help reduce the risk of weight gain and other health problems.


5. Managing treatment-related side effects: Certain cancer treatments and medications can cause side effects, such as nausea, vomiting, and mouth sores, that can make eating difficult. A dietitian can help develop strategies to manage these side effects and ensure adequate nutrition during treatment.


6. Taking vitamin and mineral supplements: Cancer treatment can deplete the body of certain vitamins and minerals. A doctor or dietitian can recommend appropriate vitamin and mineral supplements to help ensure adequate nutrition during treatment.

It is important to work with a dietitian to develop an individualized nutrition plan that meets your unique needs and supports your overall health and well-being during cancer treatment.

Conclusion

Cancer is a complex disease that requires a multidisciplinary approach for effective management. Altor Hospitals play a crucial role in the diagnosis, treatment, and management of cancer patients. We provide advanced medical technologies, highly trained specialists, and supportive care services. The ultimate goal of an Altor Hospital's cancer program is to provide high-quality care to patients, improve outcomes, and increase survival rates. And we have coordinated effort from various departments and specialists, including medical oncologists, radiation oncologists, surgeons, pathologists, radiologists, and other healthcare professionals.

Follow a healthy diet: Include plenty of whole, unprocessed foods such as fruits, vegetables, and whole grains.

Exercise regularly: Physical activity can help improve energy levels and overall well-being.

Manage stress: Stress can trigger symptoms and make them worse, so finding healthy ways to manage stress is important.

Get enough sleep: Aim for 7-9 hours of sleep each night to help regulate hormones and improve overall health.

Take your medication as directed: It is important to take your medication exactly as prescribed by your doctor.

Monitor your symptoms: Keep track of any changes in your symptoms and report them to your doctor promptly.

Stay in touch with your doctor: Regular check-ups and blood tests are important to monitor the effectiveness of your treatment and make any necessary adjustments.

Conclusion

Altor Hospitals is a leading provider of specialized care for hypothyroidism. Our team of experienced endocrinologists and thyroid specialists are dedicated to providing the highest quality of care for our patients. We offer comprehensive diagnostic testing, personalized treatment plans, and ongoing monitoring to ensure optimal health. Our team is committed to providing the best possible care for our patients, and we strive to ensure that each patient receives the individualized attention they deserve. We also offer a variety of educational resources to help our patients better understand their condition and how to manage it.

Hypothyroidism is a disorder in which there is an inadequate amount of thyroid hormone present in the bloodstream, which results in a sluggish metabolic rate.

Hypothyroidism is diagnosed when the thyroid gland is unable to produce and secrete an adequate amount of thyroid hormone into the body. This causes your metabolism to slow down, which has repercussions throughout your body. Hypothyroidism, also known as underactive thyroid disease, is a condition that affects a significant number of people. Myxoedema is the medical term that describes when your thyroid levels are exceedingly low.

How does the thyroid function?

Located in the front of your neck, just below the voice box, the thyroid gland is a tiny, butterfly-shaped structure (larynx). The thyroid's primary function is to regulate metabolism. The process by which your body converts food into the energy it needs to function is known as metabolism. T4 and T3 are produced by the thyroid and regulate your metabolism. These hormones instruct the body's cells on how much energy to use throughout the entire body. Your heart rate and body temperature are under their control.

When your thyroid is functioning properly, it continuously produces hormones, releases them, and then produces new hormone levels to replace those that have been utilised. This keeps all of your body's systems in check and your metabolism running smoothly. The pituitary gland, which is found in the centre of the skull beneath the brain, regulates the quantity of thyroid hormones present in the blood. Thyroid stimulating hormone, or TSH, is adjusted by the pituitary gland and sent to the thyroid to correct any imbalances when it detects either too little or too much thyroid hormone.

The entire body is affected if the level of thyroid hormones is either excessively high (hyperthyroidism) or excessively low (hypothyroidism).

What are the symptoms that indicate Hypothyroidism?

• Fatigue


• Weight gain


• Cold intolerance


• Dry skin


• Constipation


• Muscle weakness


• Depression


• Irregular periods


• Brittle nails


• Hair loss


• Constipation


• Experiencing numbness and tingling in hands

What are the causes of Hypothyroidism?

1. Hashimoto's thyroiditis: an autoimmune disease that damages the thyroid gland and impairs its ability to produce hormones.


2. Thyroid removal: surgery to remove the thyroid gland (total or partial thyroidectomy) can cause hypothyroidism.


3. Radiation therapy: exposure to ionizing radiation, used in the treatment of certain cancers, can damage the thyroid gland and cause hypothyroidism.


4. Iodine deficiency: the thyroid gland requires iodine to produce hormones, and a lack of iodine in the diet can lead to hypothyroidism.


5. Medications: certain medications, such as amiodarone and lithium, can interfere with thyroid hormone production and cause hypothyroidism.


6. Congenital hypothyroidism: some new-borns are born with an underactive thyroid, which can be due to genetic mutations, missing or incomplete thyroid glands, or hormonal imbalances.

What results in hypothyroidism during pregnancy?

Hypothyroidism during pregnancy can result from various causes, including autoimmune disorders such as Hashimoto's thyroiditis, inadequate iodine intake, or the effect of certain medications. It can also occur as a result of the natural changes in hormone levels during pregnancy, or due to the formation of antibodies that attack the thyroid gland. In some cases, it may also be congenital, meaning the woman is born with an underactive thyroid.

How can Hypothyroidism be identified?

Hypothyroidism can be diagnosed through a combination of physical examination, medical history, and laboratory tests. Some common tests include:

• Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) test: measures the amount of TSH in the blood, which indicates the level of thyroid hormone. High levels of TSH and low levels of thyroid hormone may indicate hypothyroidism.


• T4 test: measures the level of thyroxine (T4), the main thyroid hormone, in the blood. Low levels of T4 indicate hypothyroidism.


• Thyroid antibody test: measures the presence of antibodies in the blood that may be attacking the thyroid gland, causing autoimmune hypothyroidism.

Treatment options for Hypothyroidism

The primary treatment for hypothyroidism is hormone replacement therapy with a daily dose of levothyroxine, a synthetic form of thyroxine (T4). The goal of treatment is to replace the missing thyroid hormone and normalize the levels in the blood. In addition to medication, lifestyle modifications such as eating a balanced diet, getting regular exercise, managing stress, and avoiding exposure to excessive radiation may help alleviate symptoms and improve overall health.